Interpreting the molecular mechanisms of RBBP4/7 and their roles in human diseases (Review).

Histone chaperones serve a pivotal role in maintaining human physiological processes. They interact with histones in a stable manner, ensuring the accurate and efficient execution of DNA replication, repair and transcription. Retinoblastoma binding protein (RBBP)4 and RBBP7 represent a crucial pair of histone chaperones, which not only govern the molecular behavior of histones H3 and H4, but also participate in the functions of several protein complexes, such as polycomb repressive complex 2 and nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase, thereby regulating the cell cycle, histone modifications, DNA damage and cell fate. A strong association has been indicated between RBBP4/7 and some major human diseases, such as cancer, age­related memory loss and infectious diseases. The present review assesses the molecular mechanisms of RBBP4/7 in regulating cellular biological processes, and focuses on the variations in RBBP4/7 expression and their potential mechanisms in various human diseases, thus providing new insights for their diagnosis and treatment.

Progress and hotspot of diet or exercise therapy in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Introduction: The primary treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is modifying lifestyle through dietary or exercise interventions. In recent decades, it has received increasing attention. However, the lack of bibliometric analysis has posed a challenge for researchers seeking to understand the overall trends in this field. Methods: As of February 3rd, 2024, 876 articles on treating NAFLD through diet or exercise therapy from 2013 to 2023 had been retrieved. Two software tools, VOSviewer and CiteSpace, were utilized to analyze the growth of publications, countries, institutions, authors, journals, citations, and keywords. Additionally, the keywords with strong citation burstiness were identified to determine the changes and future trends of research hotspots in this field. Results: China had the highest number of articles, followed by the United States and South Korea. Yonsei University and Nutrients were the institutions and journals with the most significant contributions. Professor Younossi Zobair M, from the United States, is the most prolific author in this field. Through analyzing the keywords, three research hotspots were identified: research on the pathogenesis of NAFLD, research on the treatment modalities of NAFLD, and research on the risk factors and diagnosis methods of NAFLD. In recent years, the research emphasis in this field has changed, suggesting that future research will focus on two frontier keywords: "oxidative stress" and "aerobic capacity." Conclusion: In the past eleven years, the attention in this field was still rising, and the authors, journals, countries and so on had formed a considerable cooperative relationship. There were also many highly influential and productive researchers in this field. It is speculated that new research will continue around "aerobic exercise" and "oxidative stress" in the future.

Effects of Rifampicin Plus Levofloxacin or Isoniazid on Immune Function of Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis.

Context: Due to the different effects of various drugs and the lack of authoritative and unified guidelines in clinical practice, the choice of therapeutic drugs for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) remains controversial. Rifampicin, levofloxacin, and isoniazid are all anti-TB drugs. However, no comparative studies of the treatment effects of rifampicin + levofloxacin and rifampicin + isoniazid have occurred. Objective: The study intended to analyze the therapeutic effects of rifampicin + levofloxacin compared to rifampicin + isoniazid in the treatment of pulmonary TB to provide a clinical reference, which could provide new references for future clinical treatment of the disease. Design: The research team conducted a prospective controlled study. Setting: The study took place at Zibo Zhoucun District People's Hospital in Zibo, China. Participants: Participants were 100 patients with pulmonary TB admitted to the hospital between March 2021 and December 2022. Interventions: The research team assigned participants to one of two groups: (1) the intervention group, with 56 participants who received rifampicin + levofloxacin therapy, and (2) the control group, with 44 participants who received rifampicin + isoniazid. Outcome Measures: The research team measured: (1) clinical efficacy, (2) incidence of adverse reactions, (3) changes in inflammatory factors, (4) changes in immunoglobulins (Igs), and (5) changes in T lymphocyte subsets. Results: The intervention group's total effective rate for treatment was significantly higher than that of the control group (P = .049). However, no significant difference existed between the groups in the incidence of adverse reactions (P > .05). Postintervention, the intervention group's inflammatory factors-IL-6, TNF-α, hs-CRP, and ß-EP-were significantly lower and its immunoglobulins (Igs) G/A/M (IgG/A/M) were significantly higher than those of the control group (P < .05). In addition, the intervention group's T lymphocyte subpopulations of CD3+ and CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ were significantly higher and CD8+ was significantly lower than those in the control group (P < .05). In other words, the intervention group had a better immune function. Conclusions: Compared with rifampicin + isoniazid, rifampicin + levofloxacin had a better clinical effect in the treatment of pulmonary TB and could effectively regulate patients' immune functions and inhibit inflammatory reactions. The current research team recommends that rifampicin + levofloxacin become the preferred treatment for pulmonary TB in the absence of a drug allergy.

Dermoscopy and Histopathology of Hyperkeratosis of Nipple and Areola: A Case Report.

We describe a case involving a 19-year-old female with who presented with bilateral nipple-areola brown patches persisting for five years. The diagnosis of hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola (HNA) was established through dermoscopy and histopathology. The findings highlight the value of dermoscopy in the diagnosis and differentiation of HNA.

Erratum: FAM72A promotes glioma progression by regulating mitophagy through the Pink1/Parkin signaling pathway: Erratum.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.7150/jca.82949.].

Comparative efficacy and safety of medical treatments for proximal humerus fractures: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Various surgical techniques and conservative therapies are useful tools for treating proximal humerus fractures (PHFs), but it is important to understand how to properly utilize them. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and network meta-analysis to compare and rank the efficacy and safety of medical treatments for PHF. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and the ClinicalTrials.gov databases were systematically searched for eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from inception until June 2022. Conservative therapy-controlled or head-to-head RCTs of open reduction internal fixation (ORIF), intramedullary nailing (IMN), hemiarthroplasty (HA), and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) used for the treatment of adult patients with PHF were included. The surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA) probabilities were applied to compare and rank the effects of medical treatments for PHF. RESULTS: Eighteen RCTs involving 1,182 patients with PHF were selected for the final analysis. Mostly baseline characteristics among groups were well balanced, and the imbalanced factors only included age, injury type, medial comminution, blood loss, and cognitive function in single trial. The SUCRA probabilities found that RTSA provided the best effect on the Constant-Murley score (SUCRA: 100.0%), and the disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) score (SUCRA: 99.0%). Moreover, HA (SUCRA: 85.5%) and RTSA (SUCRA: 68.0%) had a relatively better effect on health-related quality of life than the other treatment modalities. Furthermore, conservative therapy (SUCRA: 84.3%) and RTSA (SUCRA: 80.7%) were associated with a lower risk of secondary surgery. Finally, the best effects on the risk of complications are varied, including infection was observed with conservative therapy (SUCRA: 94.2%); avascular necrosis was observed in HA (SUCRA: 78.1%), nonunion was observed in RTSA (SUCRA: 69.6%), and osteoarthritis was observed in HA (SUCRA: 93.9%). CONCLUSIONS: This study found that RTSA was associated with better functional outcomes, while the comparative outcomes of secondary surgery and complications varied. Optimal treatment for PHF should consider patient-specific factors.

Deep learning analysis for rapid detection and classification of household plastics based on Raman spectroscopy.

The overuse of plastics releases large amounts of microplastics. These tiny and complex pollutants may cause immeasurable damage to human social life. Raman spectroscopy detection technology is widely used in the detection, identification and analysis of microplastics due to its advantages of fast speed, high sensitivity and non-destructive. In this work, we first recorded the Raman spectra of eight common plastics in daily life. By adjusting parameters such as laser wavelength, laser power, and acquisition time, the Raman data under different acquisition conditions were diversified, and the corresponding Raman spectra were obtained, and a database of eight household plastics was established. Combined with deep learning algorithms, an accurate, fast and simple classification and identification method for 8 types of plastics is established. Firstly, the acquired spectral data were preprocessed for baseline correction and noise reduction, Then, four machine learning algorithms, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), decision tree, support vector machine (SVM) and one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN), are used to classify and identify the preprocessed data. The results showed that the classification accuracy of the three machine learning models for the Raman spectra of standard plastic samples were 84%, 93% and 93% respectively. The 1D-CNN model has an accuracy rate of up to 97% for Raman spectroscopy. Our study shows that the combination of Raman spectroscopy detection techniques and deep learning algorithms is a very valuable approach for microplastic classification and identification.

Erzhiwan Ameliorates Restraint Stress- and Monobenzone-Induced Depigmentation in Mice by Inhibiting Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor and 8-Hydroxy-2-Deoxyguanosine.

Purpose: Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease that results in the loss of epidermal melanocytes. The treatments for patients with vitiligo remain lacking. Erzhiwan (EZW), a traditional Chinese Medicine composed of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus and Ecliptae Herba, was used to ameliorate depigmentation since ancient China. This study aims to investigate the effect of EZW on vitiligo-related depigmentation. Methods: A vitiligo-related depigmentation mouse model was induced by monobenzone and restraint stress. The experimental depigmentation mice were treated with EZW. Histological observation of skin was conducted. Cutaneous oxidative damage and inflammation were determined. A network pharmacology analysis was carried out. Results: EZW reduced depigmentation score (p<0.01), cutaneous inflammatory infiltration (p<0.01), and CD8α-positive expression (p<0.01), and increased cutaneous melanin content in experimental depigmentation mice. EZW reduced stress reaction in experimental depigmentation mice (p<0.01). EZW inhibited 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)-related DNA oxidative damage in the skin (p<0.05, p<0.01). In addition, EZW reduced cutaneous macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)-CD74-NF-κB signaling (p<0.01). The network pharmacology analysis demonstrated that EZW regulated necroptosis, apoptosis, and FoxO signaling pathways in vitiligo. An in vitro experiment showed that the main ingredient of EZW, specnuezhenide, protected against monobenzone and MIF-induced cell death in HaCaT cells (p<0.01). Conclusion: EZW ameliorates restraint stress- and monobenzone-induced depigmentation via the inhibition of MIF and 8-OHdG signaling. The findings provide a data basis of an utilization of EZW in vitiligo.

Screening, cloning, immobilization and application prospects of a novel ß-glucosidase from the soil metagenome.

The soil environment for straw return is a rich and valuable library containing many microorganisms and proteins. In this study, we aimed to screen a high-quality ß-glucosidase (BGL) from the soil metagenomic library and to overcome the limitation of the low extraction rate of resveratrol in Polygonum cuspidatum. This includes the construction of a soil metagenomic library, screening of BGL, bioinformatics analysis, cloning, expression, immobilization, enzymatic property analysis, and application for the transformation of polydatin. The results showed that the soil metagenomic library of straw return was successfully constructed, and a novel BGL was screened. The identified 1356 bp long BGL belonged to the glycoside hydrolase 1 (GH1) family and was named Bgl1356. After successful cloning and expression of Bgl1356, it was immobilized using chitosan. The optimum temperature of immobilized Bgl1356 was 50 °C, and the pH was 5. It exhibited good tolerance for various metal ions (CO2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Na2+, Ca2+, and Ag+) and organic solvents (DMSO, Triton-X-10, and ethanol). Enzymatic kinetics assays showed that Bgl1356 had good affinity for the substrate, and the specific enzyme activity was 234.03 U/mg. The conversion rate of polydatin by immobilized Bgl1356 was 95.70 ± 1.08%, facilitating the production of high amounts of resveratrol. Thus, this paper reports a novel temperature-, organic solvent-, and metal ion-tolerant BGL that has good application prospects in the pharmaceutical industry.

Relationship Between Dyadic Coping with Anxiety and Depression in Infertile Couples: Gender Differences and Dyadic Interaction.

Background: This study aims to examine the relationship between anxiety and depression and dyadic coping in infertile couples, exploring gender differences and dyadic interactions in these associations. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 288 couples recruited from the First Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University between November 2021 and November 2022. The Dyadic Coping Scale, Anxiety Scale, and Depression Scale were utilized to measure dyadic coping, anxiety, and depression, respectively. The Actor-Partner Interdependence Model was used to analyze the actor effect and partner effect. Results: Wives exhibited significantly higher anxiety and depression scores compared to husbands (p<0.001). No statistically significant difference was found in dyadic coping between wives and husbands. Positive dyadic coping in infertile couples had significant actor effects on anxiety and depression (p<0.05) and partner effects (p<0.05). Positive dyadic coping negatively predicted anxiety and depression of oneself and one's partner. Negative dyadic coping in infertile couples also had significant actor effects on anxiety and depression (p<0.05) and partner effects (p<0.05). Negative dyadic coping positively predicted anxiety and depression of oneself and one's partner. Conclusion: The dyadic coping style of infertile couples has both actor and partner effects on their own and their partner's anxiety and depression. Anxiety and depression in infertile couples are influenced by their own and their partner's dyadic coping style, respectively. Therefore, dyadic coping serves as an important indicator for predicting psychological outcomes in these couples.

Lactobacillus paracasei Relieves Constipation by Acting on the Acetic Acid-5-HT-Intestinal Motility Pathway.

Constipation is a major health concern worldwide and requires effective and safe treatment options. In this study, we selected ten strains of two species of lactobacilli to identify whether they were effective against constipation induced by loperamide administration in BALB/c mice. Monitoring of constipation-related indicators indicated that Lactobacillus paracasei (L. paracasei) mainly acted on the whole intestinal peristalsis to relieve constipation. Furthermore, through the detection of biological, chemical, mechanical, and immune barriers in mice, it was discovered that L. paracasei changed the relative abundance of bacteria related to the levels of acetic acid and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) (such as by increasing the relative abundance of Odoribacter and Clostridium, and reducing the relative abundance of Mucispirillum, Ruminococcus, Coprobacillus, and Dorea), increased the concentration of acetic acid in the intestine, which stimulated enterochromaffin cells, promoted 5-HT synthesis in the colon, enhanced intestinal motility, and relieved constipation. In conclusion, this study provides a theoretical foundation for the development of personalized products for the treatment of constipation.

HELQ as a DNA helicase: Its novel role in normal cell function and tumorigenesis (Review).

Helicase POLQ­like (HELQ or Hel308), is a highly conserved, 3'­5' superfamily II DNA helicase that contributes to diverse DNA processes, including DNA repair, unwinding, and strand annealing. HELQ deficiency leads to subfertility, due to its critical role in germ cell stability. In addition, the abnormal expression of HELQ has been observed in multiple tumors and a number of molecular pathways, including the nucleotide excision repair, checkpoint kinase 1­DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1 and ATM/ATR pathways, have been shown to be involved in HELQ. In the present review, the structure and characteristics of HELQ, as well as its major functions in DNA processing, were described. Molecular mechanisms involving HELQ in the context of tumorigenesis were also described. It was deduced that HELQ biology warrants investigation, and that its critical roles in the regulation of various DNA processes and participation in tumorigenesis are clinically relevant.

Flash-based content addressable memory with L2 distance for memory-augmented neural network.

Memory-augmented neural network (MANN) has received increasing attention as a promising approach to achieve lifelong on-device learning, of which implementation of the explicit memory is vital. Content addressable memory (CAM) has been designed to accelerate the explicit memory by harnessing the in-memory-computing capability. In this work, a CAM cell with quadratic code is proposed, and a 1Mb Flash-based multi-bit CAM chip capable of computing Euclidean (L2) distance is fabricated. Compared with ternary CAM, the latency and energy are significantly reduced by 5.3- and 46.6-fold, respectively, for the MANN on Omniglot dataset. Besides, the recognition accuracy has slight degradation (<1%) even after baking for 105 s at 200°C, demonstrating the robustness to environmental disturbance. Performance evaluation indicates a reduction of 471-fold in latency and 1267-fold in energy compared with GPU for search operation. The proposed robust and energy-efficient CAM provides a promising solution to implement lifelong on-device machine intelligence.

Adjustable short-term memory of SiOx:Ag-based memristor for reservoir computing.

Temporal information processing is critical for a wide spectrum of applications, such as finance, biomedicine, and engineering. Reservoir computing (RC) can efficiently process temporal information with low training costs. Various memristors have been explored to demonstrate RC systems leveraging the short-term memory and nonlinear dynamic behaviours. However, the short-term memory is fixed after the device fabrication, limiting the applications to diverse temporal analysis tasks. In this work, we propose the approaches to modulating the short-term memory of Pt/SiOx:Ag/Pt memristor for the performance improvement of the RC systems. By controlling the read voltage, pulse amplitude and pulse width applied to the devices, the obtainable range of the characteristic time reaches three orders of magnitude from microseconds to around milliseconds. Based on the fabricated memristor, the classification of 4-bit pulse streams is demonstrated. Memristor-based RC systems with adjustable short-term memory are constructed for time-series prediction and pattern recognition tasks with different requirements for the characteristic times. The simulation results show that low normalized root mean square error of 0.003 (0.27) in Hénon map (Mackey-Glass time series) and excellent classification accuracy of 99.6% (91.7%) in spoken-digit recognition (MNIST image recognition) are achieved, which outperforms most memristor-based RC systems recently reported. Furthermore, the RC networks with diverse short-term memories are constructed to address more complicated tasks with low prediction errors. This work proves the high controllability of memristor-based RC systems to handle multiple temporal processing tasks.

A rare BCR-ABL1 transcript in chronic myeloid leukemia: Case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this report is to enhance our scientific understanding of the clinicopathologic features of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) with the e12a3 transcript and to provide insights into potential treatment options for this rare subtype of CML. CASE SUMMARY: We present the case of a 21-year-old Chinese male patient who was diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) with the e12a3 transcript. Biopsy of his left iliac soft tissue mass indicated that he was in the blast crisis phase of CML. The patient was treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) drugs and achieved remission, but relapsed soon after. Despite receiving prognostic chemotherapy, the disease progressed and eventually led to the patient's death. CONCLUSION: To avoid missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis, it is recommended to conduct a thorough clinical evaluation and actively identify the underlying etiology.

Identification of P450 Candidates Associated with the Biosynthesis of Physalin-Class Compounds in Physalis angulata.

The Physalis genus has long been used as traditional medicine in the treatment of various diseases. Physalins, the characteristic class of compounds in this genus, are major bioactive constituents. To date, the biogenesis of physalins remains largely unknown, except for the recently established knowledge that 24-methyldesmosterol is a precursor of physalin. To identify the genes encoding P450s that are putatively involved in converting 24-methyldesmosterol to physalins, a total of 306 P450-encoding unigenes were retrieved from our recently constructed P. angulata transcriptome. Extensive phylogenetic analysis proposed 21 P450s that might participate in physalin biosynthesis. To validate the candidates, we developed a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system for P. angulata, and four P450 candidates were selected for the VIGS experiments. The reduction in the transcripts of the four P450 candidates by VIGS all led to decreased levels of physalin-class compounds in the P. angulata leaves. Thus, this study provides a number of P450 candidates that are likely associated with the biosynthesis of physalin-class compounds, forming a strong basis to reveal the unknown physalin biosynthetic pathway in the future.

Myocardial Perfusion in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Influencing Factors and Intervention Strategies.

Aim We aim to explore the factors influencing myocardial perfusion in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) and evaluate the effects of different intervention strategies on myocardial perfusion improvement. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 300 patients with STEMI who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) at our hospital between January 2020 and December 2022. Based on post-procedural coronary angiography results using the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) blood flow grade and myocardial blush grade (MBG), patients were categorized into two groups: the normal perfusion group (TIMI grade 3 or MBG 2-3, n=180) and the impaired perfusion group (TIMI grades 0-2 or MBG 0-1, n=120). The impaired perfusion group was further divided using a random number table into the thrombus aspiration-only group (control group, n=60) and the thrombus aspiration combined with nicorandil group (nicorandil group, n=60). A 1:1 propensity score matching method was employed to adjust for baseline characteristics between the groups. Clinical characteristics, hematological parameters, coronary lesion features, and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) technical parameters were compared between the matched groups. Additionally, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors influencing myocardial perfusion. Furthermore, the post-procedural myocardial perfusion, cardiac function, and clinical prognosis were compared between the control and nicorandil groups. Results After matching, the baseline characteristics of the two groups were compared. The impaired perfusion group had older age, higher proportion of male patients, higher rates of diabetes and hypertension, longer time from symptom onset to balloon dilation, higher peak cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels, higher proportion of left main or multivessel involvement, heavier coronary lesion burden, and lower balloon inflation pressure (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age of ≥65 years (odds ratio {OR}=2.34, 95% confidence interval {CI}=1.23-4.46, P<0.01), time from symptom onset to balloon dilation of ≥6 hours (OR=3.12, 95% CI=1.67-5.83, P<0.01), peak cTnI level of ≥100 ng/mL (OR=4.27, 95% CI=2.18-8.36, P<0.01), left main or multivessel involvement (OR=2.86, 95% CI=1.51-5.41, P<0.01), and balloon inflation pressure of <8 atm (OR=3.45, 95% CI=1.79-6.65, P<0.01) were independent risk factors affecting myocardial perfusion. In the intervention analysis, the nicorandil group showed superior post-procedural TIMI blood flow grade, MBG, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification compared to the control group (P<0.05). During a six-month follow-up, the nicorandil group had a lower incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) compared to the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Age, time from symptom onset to balloon dilation, peak cTnI level, extent of coronary artery lesions, and balloon inflation pressure were identified as independent risk factors affecting myocardial perfusion in STEMI patients after PCI. Compared to simple thrombus aspiration, thrombus aspiration combined with nicorandil demonstrated better improvement in myocardial perfusion, cardiac function, and clinical outcomes for patients with impaired perfusion.

Identification of Critical Biomarkers and Mechanisms of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi on Vitiligo Using Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis.

Objective: Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease of the skin that targets pigment-producing melanocytes and results in patches of depigmentation that are visible as white spots. Recent research studies have yielded a strong mechanistic understanding of this disease. Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (FLL) has been used for premature graying of hair since ancient China and is currently used to treat vitiligo. However, the key biomarkers and mechanisms underlying FLL in vitiligo remain unclear. This study aimed to identify the potential biomarkers and mechanisms of FLL in vitiligo using network pharmacology analysis. Methods: The expression profiles of GSE65127 and GSE75819 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the vitiligo and healthy samples. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment of DEGs were performed using R analyses. We performed R to further understand the functions of the critical targets. Cytoscape tools have facilitated network topology analysis. Molecular docking was performed using Auto Dock Vina software. Results: The results showed that 13 DEGs were screened in vitiligo. Based on bioinformatics, network pharmacology and Western blot, we found that the critical targets of melanoma antigen recognized by 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase (TYRP1) may be related to the mechanism of action of FLL in the treatment of vitiligo. Conclusion: TYRP1, as a melanocyte molecular biomarker, may be closely related to the underlying mechanism of FLL in the treatment of vitiligo via the inhibition of melanocyte death.

A Novel Polysaccharide Separated from Panax Notoginseng Residue Ameliorates Restraint Stress- and Lipopolysaccharide-induced Enteritis in Mice.

Polysaccharides are rich in Panax notoginseng residue after extraction. This study aims to explore the structural characteristics of PNP-20, which is a homogeneous polysaccharide, separated from P. notoginseng residue by fractional precipitation and evaluate the anti-enteritis effect of PNP-20. The structure of PNP-20 was determined by spectroscopic analyses. A mouse model with enteritis induced by restraint stress (RS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to evaluate the pharmacological effect of PNP-20. The results indicated that PNP-20 consisted of glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), Mannose (Man) and Rhamnose (Rha). PNP-20 was composed of Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-Galp-(1→, →4,6)-α-Glcp-(1→, →4)-Manp-(1→ and →3)-Rhap-(1→, and contained two backbone fragments of →4)-α-Glcp-(1→4)- α-Glcp-(1→ and →4)-α-Galp-(1→4)-α-Glcp-(1→. PNP-20 reduced intestinal injury and inflammatory cell infiltration in RS- and LPS-induced enteritis in mice. PNP-20 decreased the expression of intestinal tumor necrosis factor-α, NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3, and nuclear factor-κB and increased the expression of intestinal superoxide dismutase 2. In conclusion, PNP-20 may be a promising material basis of P. Notoginseng for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.